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GIRONA CHIROPRACTIC
ATLAS ORTHOGONAL
Services
Chiropractic
Spine
Cervical spine
Chiropractic treatment
Atlas Orthogonal
Welcome
káyros device
Solutions
Full body
Herniated disc
Scoliosis
Back Pain
Fibromyalgia
Pediatrics
Lost Cases
Cervical origin
Neck Pain
Torticollis
Headaches
Migraines
Vertigo
Jaw Pain
Trigeminal neuralgia
Accidents
Athletic injuries
Whiplash
Neck sprain
Motor vehicle accidents
Health Problems
About
Contact
EN
Research on CVJ Anomalies
Chapter 1 – Overview
Anatomy and embriology
Classification
Symptomatology
Imaging
Structure of contents
The Atlas Orthogonal Chiropractic Program
References
Chapter 2 – Embryology of the spine
Developmental phases
Membranous phase
Somites
Resegmentation of the sclerotome
Cartilaginous and osseous phases
Occiput
Atlas
Axis
Vertebrae
Basic anatomy
Development
Figure 13
CVJ
Basic anatomy
Occiput and foramen magnum
Atlas
Axis
Development
Generalizations
Occipital sclerotomes
Proatlas
First cervical sclerotome C1
Second cervical sclerotome C2
Figure 14
Special developmental features of the CVJ
Meneze’s opinion
ANNEX 1: Skeletal maturation and normal development
AP-open mouth upper cervical spine x-ray views
Lateral cervical spine x-rays
Anteroposterior cervical spine x-rays
Review of article: Developmental anatomy of the atlas and axis
Genetic considerations involving CVJ anomalies
Types of CVJ malformations (or anomalies)
Hox Gene
PAX-1 gene
Historical note
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 – Normal anatomy
Occiput
Atlas
Axis
Occiput and atlas
Atlas and axis
Occiput, atlas and axis
C1-C7
C0-C7
Dry bones
Occiput
Atlas
Axis
Atlas and axis
Occiput, atlas and axis
C1-C7
Soft tissues
Vertebral arteries
References
Chapter 4 – Occiput anomalies
Anatomic considerations
Introduction: basilar invagination, basilar impression and platybasia
Classification
Anterior basilar impression: Basioccipital hypoplasia and platybasia
Posterior basilar impression: Condylar hypoplasia
Combined anterior and posterior BI with opisthion invagination
ANNEX 1 – BI associated syndromes
Chiari Type I (tonsillar ectopia)
Syringomyelia
Occipitalization of the atlas
Torticollis - Short neck – body fusion
Klippel-Feil
Review of articles: Goel [5], [4]
Review of article: Goel [6]
ANNEX 2 – Basic CVJ Craniometry
Introduction
McGregor’s line
Chamberlain’s line
McRae’s line
Klaus index
Boogaard’s line
Boogaard’s angle
Angle of Welcher
The Wackenheim clivus line (or baseline)
Clivus-canal angle
Cervico-medullary angle (CMA)
Goel’s Omega angle
Atlanto-occipital joint axis angle (Schmidt angle)
FischGold’s digastric line (FDGL) and bimastoid line (FBML)
Condyle-C1 interval
Basion-Dental Interval (BDI)
Basion-Axial Interval (BAI)
Atlanto-Dental Interval (ADI)
Posterior ADI (PADI)
Summary
Condylar hyperplasia
Review of article: The Coconut Condyle
Review of article: Inverted hypertrophy of occipital condyles
Opisthion hyperplasia
Hyperplasia of clivus
Bifid Clivus
Occipital Condyle variations
Review of article: Morphometric analysis
Review of article: Anatomical variations of the
Review of article: Unusual occipital condyles
Review of article: Duplication of the occipital condyles
Condylar dysplasia
Foramen Magnum Variations
Localization AP
Localization off center
Dimensions: shape
Dimensions: size
Thickness of the edge
Other variations
References
Chapter 5 – Atlas anomalies
Anatomic considerations
Introduction
Classification
Aplasia/hypoplasia of the anterior arch of the atlas
Aplasia/hypoplasia of the posterior arch of the atlas
5.1. Review of article: Agenesis of the posterior arch of the atlas
Aplasia/hypoplasia of foramen transversarium in atlas vertebra
Review of article: Bilateral absence of foramen transversarium
Review of article: Case report: Anomalous vertebral artery
Hyperplasia of the anterior arch of the atlas
Review of article: Abnormal bony protuberance of anterior atlas
Combined anterior and posterior atlantal arch defects and lateral mass aplasia
Bifid anterior and posterior arch of the atlas (rachischisis)
Normal variations
Review of articles: [12, 9]
References
Chapter 6 – Odontoid Anomalies
Anatomic considerations
Introduction
Classification
Agenetic/hypoplastic odontoid
Agenesis of the apical segment
Agenesis /hypogenesis) of the basal segment
Os odontoideum
Review of article: Os odontoideum with bipartite atlas and segmental
Ossiculum terminale persistens
Dens bicornis
Bifid dens
Normal variants
References
Chapter 7 – Segmentation anomalies
Anatomic considerations
Introduction: Occipitalization, Occipital vertebrae
First conclusion
Classification
Assimilaton of the atlas
Review of article: Occipitalization of the atlas
Review of article: Total fusion of atlas with occipital bone
Review of article: A case of occipitalization in the human skull
Review of article: Occipitalization of Atlas: A case report
Review of article: Anomalous vertebral artery in
Review of article: The intracranial entrance of the atlantal
Review of article: Total occipitalization of the atlas
Occipital vertebra (hypochordal bow)
Third condyle
Basilar process
Review of article: Precondylar tubercles on the basiocciput
Pre-basioccipital arch
Review of articles: [4], [5]
Isolated Prebasioccipital Arch
Occipital vertebra (skull base)
Basilar transverse fissure
Canalis nervi hypoglossi bipartitus
Labia foraminis magni posteria, incisura marginalis posterior, ossiculum Kerckringi
Processus condylicus posterior
Retromastoid process
Paracondylar and epitransverse process (and other related structures)
Review of article: Paracondylar process, a rare normal.
Review of article: Epitransverse process: a rare
Occipital vertebra (C1)
Ponticulus posterior, lateralis and posterolateralis
Review of article: Dr. Sweat
Review of article: Bilateral Retro Articular ring in Atlas vertebra
Review of article: Abnormal foramina on the posterior arch
Occipital vertebra (C2)
Os avis (dystopic os odontoideum)
Combined Cases
Unfused occipital condyle and clivus
Review of article: Remnants of occipital vertebrae
Review of article: Anomalies of the craniovertebral junction
References
Chapter 8 – Annex
Introduction
Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD); osteoarthrosis
DJD in the CVJ
Review of article: The Craniocervical Junction in Man
Review of article: The Differential Diagnosis of Isolated Ossicles
Review of article: Tubercle at anterior margin
Ossifications and calcifications
DJD in the apophyseal joints
Vertebral arteries
Fusion; synostosis
Block vertebra
Atlanto-axial fusion
Review of article: Fusion of the Atlas Anterior Arch with the Dens
Spine surgery: spinal fusion
Ossicles (and others)
Anomalous articulation
Other anomalies in the CVJ
Atlas
Atlas hypoplasia
Vertebralization of the atlas
Axis
Dens dysplasia
Other anomalies in the cervical spine
Persistent (ununited) secondary ossification centers
Developmental (congenital) spinal stenosis
Congenital spondylolisthesis
Nuclear impressions
Anomalous development of C6
Elongated anterior tubercles of the transverse processes
Cervical rib and elongated C7 transverse process
Normal anatomy simulating fractures
Mach band effect
Review of article: Odontoid lateral mass asymmetry
Notches
Conditions/abnormalities
C2 spondylolysis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Klippel-Feil syndrome
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
Pneumatization
Temporal bone – Styloid process
Anatomy
Development
In adulthood
Normal variations and anomalies
Ossifications and calcifications
DDx
Review of article: Styloid Process and Atlas Transverse
References